Kidney stones are rock-like formations that occur when substances normally dissolved in the urine become solid. They may be caused by having too much of certain minerals, like calcium or uric acid, or too little of other products such as citrate. There are some diseases (Crohn’s disease, hyperparathyroidism, and gout) that make kidney stones more likely. Certain medicines, like Lasix and high-dose vitamin C, may also increase the risk of stones. Specific types of kidney stones can run in families.
Kidney stones occur in about 10% of the population, and males are more frequently affected. If left untreated, you have a 50% chance of having another stone in 5 years, and an 80% chance over your lifetime.
People with kidney stones may have no symptoms when the stones stay in the kidneys. If the stone moves into the ureter, the draining tube of the kidney, people usually develop severe side or back pain that may radiate to the groin. Most people have blood in the urine, although it sometimes it can only be seen with a microscope. Others pass gravel or the stone in their urine. Some people develop nausea and vomiting.
Kidney stones can usually be diagnosed with x-rays. Additionally, most kidney specialists would recommend at least some workup if you have had one stone, and an extensive evaluation if you have had more than one stone, including blood and urine testing, and x-ray tests, such as ultrasounds and CAT scans.
Initial treatment of kidney stones usually involves IV fluids, pain control, and nausea medicines. About 90% of stones will pass by themselves in 1-2 months. If the stone does not pass, a scope can be inserted through the bladder to try to remove the stone. Other stones can be broken by sound waves (lithotripsy). Some people may need a scope inserted through their back into the kidney directly to remove the stone.
